The modern European State imposed uniformity on its citizens. It was creating Nation and Nationalism. If all citizens were the product of the same Culture, the capacity to act on them, to predict responses, to satisfy preferences, and indeed to create a set of common choices was greatly enhanced.
Divided people suggested a fragmented state or several different centers of power. This was done by the people, now called citizens, being required to submit themselves to the same principles that governed their society.
The most famous and typical of these doctrines is all equality before the law and corresponding principles in other spheres of life. Education acted as a powerful instrument of homogenization and creating such uniformities. Modern State singularly active in the field of education.
A single culture thus spread over a territory ruled from a single center of power, therefore is what is known as a nation-state. This sense of belonging to such a common culture in a Specific territory is known as Nationalism. The creation has been recent and complex.
Nationalism and nation-making became a universal phenomenon in the 19th century. All modern states sponsored their own Nationalism. Russia and Austro-Hungarian states ruled over multi-national empires in themselves.
They could have hoped to survive through Russian or German Nationalism, respectively and thereby destroying the other cultures within their empires; however, in these states, regional Nationalism developed. Both empires could not become Single nations given the competing nationalisms developing within them.
Europe thus came to be composed of a series of nation-states, sovereign within their territories, equal in theory to each other and related to each other in a system that became an independent specialization called international relations.
Modern European politics, therefore, implied a peculiar structure of international relations that has since been accepted as a universal model. This led to the exchange of permanent ambassadors between states and to the elaborate edifice of what is known as diplomacy.
Through Such diplomacy, each State was now an actor on the stage of international relations to defund and promote what it called its ‘national interest,’ for it directly spoke in the name of the Nation.
Such a system of international relations is defined as a System of relations between sovereign and equal states defined with the peace of Westphalia in 1648. It became part of current policies only in the 19th century.