“While the modern state concentrated enormous powers in its hands, the politics of the nation became “democratic.” It should not be a paradox since the – State claimed to represent the “popular” will and to rest on the “sovereignty of the people.”

It was a democratic or people’s state that exercised such vast powers. Multiple ideologies and parties were an essential part of the democratic politics of changing rulers periodically. This multiplicity is known as pluralism.

Although between elections, both the act of representation and governing were independent of the people, however, periodic elections made them act responsibly to the people.

Elections, along with rights and procedures, ensured democratic politics.

– Universal suffrage

– The secret ballot

– Fair procedure etc.

– Regular periodic elections

Revolutionaries and counters revolutionaries pursued another logic of democratic politics. As in liberal democratic politics, they derived their power and legitimacy from popular support and choice. Hence these were demonstrated as usual through elections and votes.

Elections could be organized in many different ways: –

-Coercion could be used

– Voters could be excluded

– Their ballot papers may be marked by other

– Multiple candidates could be prohibited.

The exact degree of popular support for such regimes is a subject of independent investigation. They sought to demonstrate popularity through the procedures of the election.

Thus, dictatorship could be imposed through relatively democratic means. Many dictators have used the plebiscite and the referendum to prove their democratic credentials. This procedure, in its totality, of proving popularity, is known as democratic legitimation, and the most effective instrument for achieving it was found to be some form of election.

Elected rulers increasingly replaced hereditary monarchs. Thus, even while the foundations of the state became more democratic, its absolute power grew through the process of bureaucratization Politicians discovered soon enough after the French Revolution that they could acquire and exercise more control by mobilizing the people than by mobilizing God, Custom, an individual, or even an army.

The bureaucracy, armed forces, paramilitary forces, and the police, as well as Judiciary, were not democratically elected. The Judiciary has sometimes been denounced as reactionary by the elected leaders because it opposed the will of democratically elected leaders.

It defends individuals against oppression by the bureaucracy. It Necessary to democracy.