By the 3rd quarter of the 6th century, the mighty Roman Empire broke into two: - the western part and the eastern part.
The western part
It had its capital at Rome. It was overwhelmed by the Slave and Germanic tribesmen coming from the side of Russia and Germany. After ravaging and plundering the territories of the…
Indian Civilization
The overthrow of the Manchu dynasty was followed by a period of instability and disorder that witnessed a vast displacement of China's traditional institutions and culture.
The Chinese revolution falls roughly into four overlapping stages.
The pseudo-republic of Your Shih-Kai (1912-1916).
The rule of warlords and the weakening of the Central government 1916-1928.
The…
Efforts to shore The Old Regime
In a final attempt to save the dynasty and partly in response to forced pressure, the Manchu rulers during 1901-1911 projected a series of reforms, which emphasized.
- Railroad construction
- Modernization of the military services
- Public education
- Liberalization of the political structure.
In 1905, the ancient civil-services examinations were formally abolished, preparatory…
Reorganization and Centralization of the Chinese maritime Custom Service (higher Personnel of the customs Service was composed of foreigners.) China's weakness was further revealed by the loss of some of its outlying possessions. By 1860 it had renounced to Russia all claims to territory beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers,
Thus, allowing Russia to surround Manchuria.…
Began in - 1864.
Originate and leader - hung Hsiu-Chuan.
Program: -
1) To modernize China politically and economically.
2) Creating an equitable but Collectivist and theoretically directed society.
Hung's religion was predominantly Christian in ideology but with peculiar variations. He regarded Taoism, Buddhism, and ancestor worship as idolatry. Taiping Rebellion was an anti-dynastic revolt and a…
It added 11 ports to the list of authorized trading Centers. they Legalized and imposed a tax on opium traffic and Granted foreigners the right to travel in all parts of China. they Promised that diplomatic represents lives of Western nations would be received in Peking.
Because of the interest of the French miss missionary activity,…
By the treaty, the Chinese government ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.
-Promised an indemnity and compensation for the opium chests which had been confiscated.
- Agreed to treat Britain as a (most favored nation in any future concessions that might be made.)
- Four ports besides Canton were opened for trade.
-The Co-Hong monopoly was…
During the 19th Century, western states directly invented Asian and African nations. China, Japan, and the African States responded quite differently to the changing world conditions that confronted them, the nineteenth Century witnessed the decadence of the Manchu dynasty and the incompetence of the administration.
Western powers exerted pressure. The objectives of the westerners at the…
Administration and Empire
The Empire was split into four provinces, with Pataliputra as the imperial capital. According to Ashokan edicts, the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east), Ujjain (in the west), Suvarnagiri (in the south), and Taxila (in the north). The head of the provincial government was the Kumara (royal prince), who controlled…
Mauryan Society
According to Megasthenes, there were seven social classes in Mauryan society: philosophers, farmers, warriors, herdsmen, artisans, magistrates, and councilors. Since no one can change professions or marry outside his division, these have been interpreted as castes. Only the philosopher is granted this privilege.
Though, his perception of Indian society is not correct. These…