The modern European State imposed uniformity on its citizens. It was creating Nation and Nationalism. If all citizens were the product of the same Culture, the capacity to act on them, to predict responses, to satisfy preferences, and indeed to create a set of common choices was greatly enhanced. Divided people suggested a fragmented state or…

Nature of the Modern State and the Role of Bureaucracy. The growth of nationalism and the development of the nation-state. The process of democratization, the role of the Judiciary, and the political parties in modern states. Introduction The exercise of power in modern European states was absolute, along with enormous population mobilization. Although the states…

The study of European history is essential while studying the mid-eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries because it is one among various cultures, it expanded too much of the world. As a case study- how the culture pursued the course of modernization. [European culture was the first to transform into a modern civilization.] Modernization If modernity is understood…

Bhakti As a religious concept, Bhakti means devotional surrender to a personally conceived supreme God for attaining a solution. Origin of this doctrine is traced to both Brahmanical and Buddhist traditions of ancient India, scriptures of Gita. It was for the first time in South India between 7th - 10th cents. That Bhakti grew from a more…

With the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, west Asian nations saw a vision of Independence, and a chance to throw off all traces of foreign domination. Nationalist Movements. These movements gained control of governments often in defiance of the religious authorities. This was proceeded by programs of modernization, for building highways, railroads, and schools, Subsidizing industries, and…

Under Tang rule, (8th - 19th cent: A.D) China's society and culture attained a climax. Having extended their over lordship in Central Asia, they gave a fillip to the overland trade. China exported silk, porcelain, and jade to West Asia, Europe, and India across the Silk Road. China welcomed foreign traders. Arabs, Persians, and Indians settled…

Arab migrations and mercantile activity along the east coast of Africa increased enormously, extending up to Malindi, Zanzibar, etc. The Arab trade included large-scale export of slaves, gold, ivory, etc. The Arabs brought Africa more closely into the Indian Ocean & Middle Eastern trade. The Ethiopian Kingdom It was a powerful Kingdom having many towns. The Ethiopians were…

Islam united the warring Arab tribes into a powerful empire. Arab Empire embraced Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, North Africa, and Spain. Abbasids came to power in the middle of the eighth century. They claim their descendancy from the prophet. Mohammad thereby established the most powerful and flourishing empire in the world. The Abbasside controlled important trade routes linking the Mediterranean…

Inventions of the iron stirrup and a new type of harness made cavalry warfare the principal mode of warfare. Iron-Stirrups: - It made it possible for a heavily armored person to sit firmly on a horse without falling off. It also made possible a cavalry charge with lances held tightly to the body, without the rider begin…

Serf  A peasant who worked on the land. A Serf could not any change his profession or migrate to any other area or marry without the permission of his lord master. Manor systems There is Castle in this system where the lord lived. The lord owned large tract of land. The serfs cultivated the land of the lord…