Between 1780 and 1850, Great Britain, comprising England, Wales, and Scotland went a swiping Transformation brought about by the Industrial Revolution. This change Revolutionized manufacturing by introducing the factory system.

It also had long-lasting effects on the rest of the world. By taking the lead in the process, Britain emerged as the greatest imperial power as it exploited its captive markets and resources to stay ahead in the race for Industrialization until the beginning of the 20th century.

The same years saw the “crystallization of a liberal polity in Britain which has served as a model for several capitalist states till today.” Such a polity guarantees its citizens rights to free speech, assembly, religious belief, the right to Dissent, and equal treatment before the law.

It also protects the protect inequalities based on property and the wastefulness of the free market Associated with artificial demands generated by profit-maximizing entrepreneurs. The historical process leading to the emergency of such a state is to be understood.

The growth of a new Kind of politics centered on parliamentary elections, electoral competition between organized parties, and struggles for a democratic, equal say to all in governances. The rising middle classes were particularly concerned about parliamentary elections and electrical competition between organized parties. The industrial wanting class played an essential role in developing a democratic order granting equal say to all in governance.

Nature Political Institutions

In Britain and the Netherlands, a Sovereign nation-state was in parliamentary statures and legal conventions rather than the arbitrary will of the monarch.

Revolution during the 17th Century against the absolutist ambitions of Stuart kings replaced the Dynasty and a condition ensuring a division of powers between the monarch, Parliament, and a more independent judiciary.

Parliament was indeed the distinctive organ of the Britain Government. It consisted of two houses.

•  House of Lords
• House of Commons.

House of lord represented the higher clergy and the hereditary nobility.

House of Commons was elected on the bases of a limited franchise.

(After the revolutions of the 17th Century, the lower House had managed to introduce some important checks on the monarch’s political powers and acquire a crucial role in governance)

The financial (Budgetary) and Legislative powers of the Parliament put essential checks on the executive authority of the monarch, who was in parches Compelled to appoint his ministers mainly from those who had a following the House of Commons. The mixed constitution of Britain had few parallels in the rest of the world until the late 18th cent.

Limitation

The powers of the House of the Commons were circumscribed by those of the monarch and the Lords. Within the House of common, the standard factions and influence dominated the proceedings rather than well- organized political parties with defined programs and ideologies.

The Whigs & Tories represented, by and large, the same aristocratic interest with minor differences on questions of religion and political dissent. On the whole, party discipline and Organization in Parliament were, however, still weak. This further opened the path for undue influence of the Crown in Parliament through patronage.