Reorganization and Centralization of the Chinese maritime Custom Service (higher Personnel of the customs Service was composed of foreigners.) China’s weakness was further revealed by the loss of some of its outlying possessions. By 1860 it had renounced to Russia all claims to territory beyond the Amur and Ussuri Rivers,

Thus, allowing Russia to surround Manchuria. Portuguese, France, and Japan ceded territories. The full measure of China’s humiliation was the (Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95) Japan which Recently emerged from feudalism and isolation gave the world a starting demonstration of Cline’s impotence.

The five great powers- Russia, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan- participated in the “battle of Concessions” through which the central part of China was partitioned into spheres of Interest.

“Spheres of Interest”: –

If it radiated from a lesser port, theoretically, it did not Impair China’s Sovereignty, but the Concessions made the county an economic dependency on the great powers.

Kang Youwei

Before the close nineteenth century, there was a “growing spirit of resentment” again, both the government’s incompetence and the foreign elements that had taken advantage of it.
There was a disagreement on the solution, which made revolution unlikely.

(Stagnation in the Chinese educational system produced learned conformists and docile civil servants, not Innovators eager to cope with the problems of a changing world.)
Western-educated individuals cried for reforms. Most of China’s land peasants were untouched by the Industrial revolution. The treaty ports emerged as important drinking, Commerce, and manufacturing center. This unleashed reform movements in China.

Anti-establishment intellectuals were ambivalent about western institutions and their suitability for their own country. Kang You-Wei hoped to retain the monarchy while leading it under a constitution towards enlightened goals. He proclaimed the natural equality of men and women and called on the world’s 800 million. Women work together to end their subjugation.

In his utopian vision, private property and the family would disappear into one “Great Community” United by universal language and a typical race. During a period Known as the “Hundred days of Reform,” the young emperor, under Kany’s guidance, issued a Serve of edicts that indicated a break with the past. The movement Became unhappy, and When Empress Dowager executed a Coup- de tat.