By the treaty, the Chinese government ceded the island of Hong Kong to the British.
-Promised an indemnity and compensation for the opium chests which had been confiscated.
– Agreed to treat Britain as a (most favored nation in any future concessions that might be made.)
– Four ports besides Canton were opened for trade.
-The Co-Hong monopoly was abolished the right of residence was granted to foreigners in the treaty ports.
– Other nations which had followed the course of the war with interest quit following the example of Britain in demanding similar—privileges conferred in separate treaties.
A Significant feature of the treaty negotiated by the American minister Celeb Cushing was the specially included principle of extraterritoriality, which Conceded to foreigners accused of a crime the right to be tried in their national courts rather than by Chinese tribunals.
By 1844, China was saddled with unequal treaties”, depriving of control over tariffs and limiting the powers of their courts over foreigners. The results of the first Angles- cheese war was to intensify friction instead of removing it. Foreigners took advantage of the weakness and Corruption in the Chinese administration to enlarge their interests. The principle of extraterritoriality was abused. foreign vessels engaged in piracy.
Chinese were recruited as contract labor for export to plantations in the New World under conditions reminiscent of the old African slave trade. Attempts were made to establish foreign Settlements at Canton, leading to riots. There was the Establishment of a new trading port.
Less trouble was encountered in the recent trading port, where local sentiment was layer to attract commerce away from the Canton now that the canton monopoly had beam broken. In Shanghai, the influx of foreigners resulted in the creation of an “International Settlement” Controlled jointly by the British and American and a separated French settlement in the same city.
War of 1858-60
In all disputer with China, the western powers had the advantage of superior force, which they did not hesitate to use upon occasion. In 1858, The British and French cooperated in most significant scale hostilities against the Peking Government.
[After negotiation at Tientsin (the port of Peking), a misunderstanding arose as to the route for the foreign representation to follow a rout to Peking, where the British and the French forced their way up the river to the capital, drove the emperor in flight into Manchuria and burned the beautiful summer palace of the Manchuria.]
This war of 1858-60 opened China more widely than ever before to Western penetration.